proverb

if you want a thing well done,do it yourself
 - jika anda ingin sesuatu itu dapat dilaksanakan dengan sempurna,maka laksanakan sendiri.
   jika anda menyuruh orang lain mengerjakan apa yang anda inginkan,maka selalu saja ada kekurangan. karena itu,agar anda puas terutama hal - hal penting, maka kerjakanlah sendiri tugas itu.

speech is silver,silence is golden
- bicara itu perak,diam itu emas
  kita boleh saja berbicara . tetapi lebih baik lagi jika diam. karena diam lebih baik daripada berbicara.

the best fish swim near the bottom
- ikan terbaik berenang di dasar.
   sesuatu yang baik tidak dapat dicapai tanpa susah payah. hanya orang yang suka bekerja keras saja yang dapat berhasil mencapai cita - citanya.

the leopart can not change its spots.
- harimau tidak dapat mengubah belangnya
  watak tidak dapat berubah. orang yang pada dasarnya jahat bagaimana pun akan tetap jahat.

two heads are better than one
- dua kepala lebih baik daripada satu
  orang lain mungkin dapat melihat masalah yang kita hadapi dari sudut pandang yang berbeda. sehingga dia dapat menolong kita.
sebaliknya jika kita tidak mau membicarakannya dengan orang lain,maka ada kemungkinan kita akan tenggelam pada masalah kita tanpa dapat menyelesaikannya.

civility costs nothing
kesopanan tidaklah mahal harganya.
agar enak dalam pergaulan ,hendaknya orang senantiasa bersikap sopan kepada siapapun. karena untuk sopan orang tidak perlu mengeluarkan biaya sepeser pun

proverb

 fish begins to stink at the head

- ikan membusuk mulai dari kepalanya

  banyak organisasi yang sangat ditentukan oleh pemimpinnya. pemimpin yang baik pengikutnya pun menjadi baik. tapi jika pemimpinnya curang maka pengikutnya pun menjadi berantakan.

 flies are easily caught with honey than with vinegar

- lalat lebih mudah ditangkap dengan madu daripada dengan cuka

  orang cendrung menerima perintah yang disampaikan secara sopan dan menyenangkan dan bukan secara kasar dan menyakitkan hati

 forbidden fruit is sweetest

- buah terlarang justru palng manis

  apa yang dilarang senantiasa menggoda anak muda untuk melanggarnya

 gold will not buy everything

- emas tidak dapat membeli segalanya

  uang nyaris dapat dipakai untuk membeli apapun,dari barang sampai pangkat dan kehormatan. tetapi ada yang tidak dapat dibeli dengan uang misalnya cinta dan kebahagiaan.

good advice is beyond price

-nasihat yang baik tak ternilai harganya

  nasihat jauh ebih berharga daripada uang

grasp all,lose all

- semua dipegang,semua lepas

jika orang mempunyai terlalu banyak keinginan,maka akhirnya semuanya akan terlepas,dan tidak satupun yang dapat dicapai

he laughs best who last laugh

- yang tertawa terakhir adalah yang terbaik

  melakukan pekerjaan harus sanpai tuntas. jangan berhenti hanya karena ditertawakan orang. buktikan bahwa anda mampu menyelesaikannya secara baik.

proverb

 a word spoken is past recalling
- kata yang telah diucapkan tak dapat ditarik kembali
   orang hendaknya mempertimbangkan masak - masak,sebelum mengatakan sesuatu. karena apa yang telah kita ucapkan tidak mungkin kta tarik kembali.

actions speak louder than word
- tindakan dapat berbicara lebih keras daripada kata -kata
  tindakan lebih penting daripada kata -kata

all good things must come to an end
- semua yang baik pasti ada akhirnya
  hidup senang tidak mungkin tanpa akhir. suka dan duka senantiasa silih berganti

all that glitters is not gold
- tidak semua yang mengkilap selalu emas
   orang tidak boleh menilai sesuatu atau orang lain hanya karena penampilannya saja.

don't cry for the moon
- jangan menagisi rembulan
   buang pikiran yang tidak - tidak. jangan mengharapkan sesuatu yang tidak mungkin.

easy come easy go
- mudah datang mudah pergi
  uang yang mudah didapat biasanya juga sangat mudah habisnya,karena orang tidak memperolehnya dengan susah payah. maka itu ia cendrung mudah untuk memboroskannya.

James Watt

James Watt was born on January 19, 1736 in Scotland. He worked as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow. He worked with Joseph Black and studied the properties of steam.
In 1769 he patented a condenser for condensing steam. A few years later, he patented a steam engine used to pump water out of mines. Other inventions included a twin-action piston engine, used to obtain power from the expansion of steam inside a cylinder.

charles darwin

Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. Darwin was born on the same day as Abraham Lincoln. He was the fifth child and second son of Robert Waring Darwin and Susannah Wedgwood. Darwin was the British naturalist who became famous for his theories of evolution and natural selection. Like several scientists before him, Darwin believed all the life on earth evolved (developed gradually) over millions of years from a few common ancestors.

In 1831, Darwin set out on H.M.S. Beagle as a self-financed gentleman companion to the 26-year-old captain, Robert Fitzroy. The Beagle was on a British science expedition around the world. In South America Darwin found fossils of extinct animals that were similar to modern species. On the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean he noticed many variations among plants and animals of the same general type as those in South America. The expedition visited places around the world, and Darwin studied plants and animals everywhere he went, collecting specimens for further study.

Upon his return to London in 1836, Darwin conducted thorough research of his notes and specimens. Out of this study grew several related theories: one, evolution did occur; two, evolutionary change was gradual, requiring thousands to millions of years; three, the primary mechanism for evolution was a process called natural selection; and four, the millions of species alive today arose from a single original life form through a branching process called “speciation.”

Darwin's theory of evolutionary selection holds that variation within species occurs randomly and that the survival or extinction of each organism is determined by that organism's ability to adapt to its environment. He set these theories forth in his book called, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) or “The Origin of Species” for short. After publication of Origin of Species, Darwin continued to write on botany, geology, and zoology until his death in 1882. He is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Aristotle was born in Stagira in north Greece, the son of Nichomachus, the court physician to the Macedonian royal family. He was trained first in medicine, and then in 367 he was sent to Athens to study philosophy with Plato. He stayed at Plato's Academy until about 347 -- the picture at the top of this page, taken from Raphael's fresco The School of Athens, shows Aristotle and Plato (Aristotle is on the. right). Though a brilliant pupil, Aristotle opposed some of Plato's teachings, and when Plato died, Aristotle was not appointed head of the Academy. After leaving Athens, Aristotle spent some time traveling, and possibly studying biology, in Asia Minor (now Turkey) and its islands. He returned to Macedonia in 338 to tutor Alexander the Great; after Alexander conquered Athens, Aristotle returned to Athens and set up a school of his own, known as the Lyceum. After Alexander's death, Athens rebelled against Macedonian rule, and Aristotle's political situation became precarious. To avoid being put to death, he fled to the island of Euboea, where he died soon after.
Aristotle is said to have written 150 philosophical treatises. The 30 that survive touch on an enormous range of philosophical problems, from biology and physics to morals to aesthetics to politics. Many, however, are thought to be "lecture notes" instead of complete, polished treatises, and a few may not be the work of Aristotle but of members of his school.
A full description of Aristotle's contributons to science and philosophy is beyond the scope of this exhibit, but a brief summary can be made: Whereas Aristotle's teacher Plato had located ultimate reality in Ideas or eternal forms, knowable only through reflection and reason, Aristotle saw ultimate reality in physical objects, knowable through experience. Objects, including organisms, were composed of a potential, their matter, and of a reality, their form; thus, a block of marble -- matter -- has the potential to assume whatever form a sculptor gives it, and a seed or embryo has the potential to grow into a living plant or animal form. In living creatures, the form was identified with the soul; plants had the lowest kinds of souls, animals had higher souls which could feel, and humans alone had rational, reasoning souls. In turn, animals could be classified by their way of life, their actions, or, most importantly, by their parts.
Though Aristotle's work in zoology was not without errors, it was the grandest biological synthesis of the time, and remained the ultimate authority for many centuries after his death. His observations on the anatomy of octopus, cuttlefish, crustaceans, and many other marine invertebrates are remarkably accurate, and could only have been made from first-hand experience with dissection. Aristotle described the embryological development of a chick; he distinguished whales and dolphins from fish; he described the chambered stomachs of ruminants and the social organization of bees; he noticed that some sharks give birth to live young -- his books on animals are filled with such observations, some of which were not confirmed until many centuries later.

Sir Isaac Newton

Born: 4 Jan 1643 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England
Died: 31 March 1727 in London, England

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Isaac Newton's life can be divided into three quite distinct periods. The first is his boyhood days from 1643 up to his appointment to a chair in 1669. The second period from 1669 to 1687 was the highly productive period in which he was Lucasian professor at Cambridge. The third period (nearly as long as the other two combined) saw Newton as a highly paid government official in London with little further interest in mathematical research.

Isaac Newton was born in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. Although by the calendar in use at the time of his birth he was born on Christmas Day 1642, we give the date of 4 January 1643 in this biography which is the "corrected" Gregorian calendar date bringing it into line with our present calendar. (The Gregorian calendar was not adopted in England until 1752.) Isaac Newton came from a family of farmers but never knew his father, also named Isaac Newton, who died in October 1642, three months before his son was born. Although Isaac's father owned property and animals which made him quite a wealthy man, he was completely uneducated and could not sign his own name.

Isaac's mother Hannah Ayscough remarried Barnabas Smith the minister of the church at North Witham, a nearby village, when Isaac was two years old. The young child was then left in the care of his grandmother Margery Ayscough at Woolsthorpe. Basically treated as an orphan, Isaac did not have a happy childhood. His grandfather James Ayscough was never mentioned by Isaac in later life and the fact that James left nothing to Isaac in his will, made when the boy was ten years old, suggests that there was no love lost between the two. There is no doubt that Isaac felt very bitter towards his mother and his step-father Barnabas Smith. When examining his sins at age nineteen, Isaac listed:-

Threatening my father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them.

Upon the death of his stepfather in 1653, Newton lived in an extended family consisting of his mother, his grandmother, one half-brother, and two half-sisters. From shortly after this time Isaac began attending the Free Grammar School in Grantham. Although this was only five miles from his home, Isaac lodged with the Clark family at Grantham. However he seems to have shown little promise in academic work. His school reports described him as 'idle' and 'inattentive'. His mother, by now a lady of reasonable wealth and property, thought that her eldest son was the right person to manage her affairs and her estate. Isaac was taken away from school but soon showed that he had no talent, or interest, in managing an estate.

An uncle, William Ayscough, decided that Isaac should prepare for entering university and, having persuaded his mother that this was the right thing to do, Isaac was allowed to return to the Free Grammar School in Grantham in 1660 to complete his school education. This time he lodged with Stokes, who was the headmaster of the school, and it would appear that, despite suggestions that he had previously shown no academic promise, Isaac must have convinced some of those around him that he had academic promise. Some evidence points to Stokes also persuading Isaac's mother to let him enter university, so it is likely that Isaac had shown more promise in his first spell at the school than the school reports suggest. Another piece of evidence comes from Isaac's list of sins referred to above. He lists one of his sins as:-

... setting my heart on money, learning, and pleasure more than Thee ...